The following is a short list of the pseudonyms and real names of famous and significant Roman writers and Emperors:

• Agathinus. Real name is Claudius Agathinus. 
• Arrian. Real name is Lucius Flavius Arrianus.
• Cassiodorus. Real name is Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus.
• Cato the Elder. Real name is Marcus Porcius Cato.
• Catullus. Real name is Gaius Valerius Catullus.
• Cicero. Real name is Marcus Tullius Cicero.
• Constantine the Great/Constantine I. Real name is Flavius Valerius Constantinus.
• Cyprian. Real name is Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus.
• Diocletian. Real name is Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletian. 
• Ennius. Real name is Quintus Ennius.
• Frontinus. Real name is Sextus Iulius Frontinus.
• Horace. Real name is Quintus Horatius Flaccus.
• Julian the Apostate. Real name is Flavius Claudius Julianus.
• Julius Africanus. Real name is Sextus Iulius Africanus.
• Julius Caesar. Real name is Gaius Iulius Caesar. 
• Justinian. Real name is Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus. 
• Juvenal. Real name is Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis. 
• Lactantius. Real name is Lucius Caelius/Caecilius Firmianus.
• Livy. Real name is Titus Livius.
• Lucan. Real name is Marcus Lucanus Annaeus.
• Lucretius. Real name is Titus Lucretius Carus. 
• Martial. Real name is Marcus Valerius Martialis.
• Nepos. Real name is Cornelius Nepos.
• Ovid. Real name is Publius Ovidius Naso.
• Plautus. Real name is Titus Maccius Plautus.
• Pliny the Elder. Real name is Gaius Plinius Secundus.
• Pliny the Younger. Real name is Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus.
• Plutarch. Real name is Mestrius Plutarchus.
• Quintillian. Real name is Marcus Fabius Qunitilianus.
• Sallust. Real name is Gaius Sallustius Crispus.
• Seneca the Elder. Real name is Lucius Annaeus Seneca.
• Seneca the Younger. Real name is Lucius Annaeus Seneca.
• Suetonius. Real name is Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus.
• Symmachus. Real name is Quintus Aurelius Symmachus. 
• Tacitus. Real name is Cornelius Tacitus.
• Terence. Real name is Publius Terentius Afer. 
• Virgil. Real name is Publius Vergilius Maro.